{"id":1924,"date":"2021-04-13T19:16:53","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T17:16:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/?p=1924"},"modified":"2021-04-13T19:16:53","modified_gmt":"2021-04-13T17:16:53","slug":"gender-equality-by-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/gender-equality-by-design","title":{"rendered":"Gender Equality by Design"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Some of the most biased persons are also not only aware of their biases, but feel that their biases are completely justified and unapologetically express them. Remember the biochemist and Nobel laureate, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fjun%2F10%2Fnobel-scientist-tim-hunt-female-scientists-cause-trouble-for-men-in-labs&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484379179%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=eM1Ca%2BWaKQ%2B%2Fh%2BgL3MzE72e2LbOdPwxznb0nwwo1JSI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Tim Hunt<\/a>? He brazenly announced that women are not only too emotional for science, but they are also disruptive to men\u2019s scientific accomplishments. This was only 6 short years ago.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, our female talent pipeline has been packed with <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2FCO3_2_Gender_differences_in_university_graduates.pdf&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484369225%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=fQyK0kwuqulbrLF98P27Ao9WWjbFngw4MKnN%2FcpW5bk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">more educated women than<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2FCO3_2_Gender_differences_in_university_graduates.pdf&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484369225%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=fQyK0kwuqulbrLF98P27Ao9WWjbFngw4MKnN%2FcpW5bk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">men<\/a>\u2014including here <a href=\"https:\/\/www.catalyst.org\/research\/women-in-the-workforce-europe\/\">in Switzerland<\/a>\u2014for decades in many cases. However, equal representation \u00a0is also no automatic cure, <a href=\"https:\/\/advances.sciencemag.org\/content\/6\/26\/eaba7814\">as gender bias persists in fields with strong female representation<\/a> (e.g., veterinary sciences), particularly by those who believe gender bias is already solved.<\/p>\n<p>So, how can we make real progress towards gender equality in organisations?<\/p>\n<p>Based on recent advances in diversity science and behavioural economics, the evidence suggests we \u00a0might be able to make real progress <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Firis_bohnet%2Fwhat-works&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484384160%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=hB8sPYKIMYV1VFXlU%2Ftw%2F2mSI4Ex1QVNh6fT4S4PgVA%3D&amp;reserved=0\">by design<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Managers and organisations can implement design-inspired interventions for various decisions and applications, although <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F128259%2F1%2FGloor%2520dissertation%2520without%2520Chapters%25203-5.pdf&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484389144%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=nyzo%2FwSH1TSC6nyNVV7f7uk8dGHuyoshh96Dfx0ZNN8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">the early career phase <\/a>is perhaps the most critical,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0given that this is when we lose most of our trained female talents in paid employment. Several steps can be taken:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>During recruitment, implementing <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41562-020-01033-0&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484394118%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=JZBI7aoyvLdFnd0sOBkjPJor93TlseZ0PhPJqKIZW6U%3D&amp;reserved=0\">longer shortlists <\/a>increases consideration of female candidates, particularly in male-dominated fields (e.g., technology).<\/li>\n<li>Blind applications or auditions within recruitment may hold promise in reducing sex-based selection decisions, as shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/gap.hks.harvard.edu\/orchestrating-impartiality-impact-%E2%80%9Cblind%E2%80%9D-auditions-female-musicians\">a study of orchestra auditions<\/a>.<sup>1<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>More <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-018-3861-y&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484399094%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=Si%2BAFYR1RMf3uGRHWNZ9JsCddnBaPmO726wEy2TUEpU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">gender-balanced teams <\/a>eliminate male-advantages shown in leadership evaluations of male-dominated teams. With more equal gender composition in teams, men and women leaders are viewed as more similarly representative of their teams, and are thus rated as similarly leader-like and<\/li>\n<li>More generally, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5d5d5e7904bf1c00017de915%2Ft%2F5da72f0e94bf12123c62f4a0%2F1571237646905%2Freducing-discrimination.pdf&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484404074%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=QTTKRlww%2FmqOv8Ijhd6zaqoCbBsQzn%2FVPonsSrpFTfE%3D&amp;reserved=0\">taking more time to make decisions and suppressing <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5d5d5e7904bf1c00017de915%2Ft%2F5da72f0e94bf12123c62f4a0%2F1571237646905%2Freducing-discrimination.pdf&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484404074%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=QTTKRlww%2FmqOv8Ijhd6zaqoCbBsQzn%2FVPonsSrpFTfE%3D&amp;reserved=0\"><strong><u>positive <\/u><\/strong><u>biases<\/u> <\/a>(i.e., <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2002-13781-007\">those that often advantage men <\/a>such as ascribing them with more competence, confidence, and leadership potential) also shows promise in improving hiring and promotion decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At the same time, knowing <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aom.org\/doi\/10.5465\/amr.2017.0087\">what <em>not <\/em>to do <\/a>is as important as what to do. Here are some strategies to avoid:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>While quotas for short-lists in recruitment may sound appealing, <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2016\/04\/if-theres-only-one-woman-in-your-candidate-pool-theres-statistically-no-chance-shell-be-hired\">if there\u2019s only one<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2016\/04\/if-theres-only-one-woman-in-your-candidate-pool-theres-statistically-no-chance-shell-be-hired\">woman in the candidate pool<\/a>, there is statistically no chance that she will be<\/li>\n<li><u>Requiring more women to serve in selection committees<\/u> does not increase the quantity or quality of female candidates qualifying for positions; this hinges on the false assumption that women may be more favourable towards female candidates, and it may also make male evaluators less favourable towards female candidates.<\/li>\n<li>Brief, online, stand-alone <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/116\/16\/7778.full.pdf\">diversity training <\/a>is largely ineffective for creating long- term behaviour change in employees (other than those who are already highly supportive of women).<\/li>\n<li>S<a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F1099-1379(200009)21%3A6%253C689%3A%3AAID-JOB52%253E3.0.CO%3B2-W&amp;data=04%7C01%7Cj.gloor%40exeter.ac.uk%7C634209cf91144e13ec2708d8d3fad0ea%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637492421484409049%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&amp;sdata=SrI8ZXvlHxkyBh6S1Vw2mH2xUF48X5hvfwMZchC0bGQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">uppressing <strong>negative<\/strong> biases <\/a>(i.e., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0191308512000093?via%3Dihub\">those that often disadvantage<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0191308512000093?via%3Dihub\">women<\/a>, such as ascribing them less competence, confidence, and leadership potential, or ascribing them <a href=\"http:\/\/stevenmbrownportfolio.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/7\/4\/6\/17469871\/hoobler_wayne_lemmon_2009.pdf\">more family conflict and less promotability<\/a>) does not work and usually<\/li>\n<li>Last, but certainly not least, training women to be more confident, agentic, and \u201cleader-like\u201d (i.e., \u201cfix-the-women approaches\u201d) often backfire because these women are viewed as <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2008.00454.x\">aggressive <\/a>and may even <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0146167210371949\">trigger moral outrage<\/a>. This is on top of the time these leaders lost in training while their male peers continued \u2018business as usual.\u2019 Indeed, individual interventions\u2014g., telling women they simply need to <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aom.org\/doi\/abs\/10.5465\/amp.2016.0156\">\u2018lean in\u2019<\/a>\u2014are generally ineffective strategies to solve persistent, pervasive, and systemic societal problems such as gender bias and inequality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The strategies highlighted here tend to target critical career decisions rather than everyday interactions or the greater work cultures that contribute to the more complicated, somewhat daunting <a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2007\/09\/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership\">\u2018labyrinth of leadership\u2019 <\/a>that professional women face. These are key limitations, because modern bias and discrimination are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044948\">increasingly subtle <\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0001839219832310\">toxic<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0001839219832310\">work cultures may drive women out <\/a>quickly after these interventions have brought women into organizations. Thus, <a href=\"https:\/\/behavioralpolicy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Synergy-from-diversity-Managing-team-diversity-to-enhance-performance-1.pdf\">leadership, accountability, and vigilance<\/a> are also key for sustained diversity success.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ve heard it over and over\u2014and we\u2019ll hear it again this International Women\u2019s Day: <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/news\/gender-balance-research-improving-pace-too-slow-eu-she-figures-2019-mar-08_en\">achieving gender equality takes time<\/a>. While there\u2019s no silver bullet, we can work towards more gender equality at work by design.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> However, this may be potentially time-consuming or even impossible in some cases (e.g., letters of recommendations), and <a href=\"https:\/\/reason.com\/2019\/10\/22\/orchestra-study-blind-auditions-gelman\/\">this strategy may backfire <\/a>if evaluators were already implicitly favouring female applicants.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Some of the most biased persons are also not only aware of their biases, but feel that their biases are completely justified and unapologetically express them. Remember the biochemist and Nobel laureate, Tim Hunt? He brazenly announced that women are not only too emotional for science, but they are also disruptive to men\u2019s scientific accomplishments. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[57,55],"tags":[528,529],"acf":{"school":false,"excerpt":"<p>\u201cUnconscious bias\u201d and \u201cpipeline problems\u201d have become diversity buzzwords to       explain the lack of women in positions of power and leadership in organisations. Yet, science and statistics reveal these excuses as the strawmen they are, because talking about bias increases bias.<\/p>\n"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1924"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1924"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1924\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1924"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1924"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lam.unisg.ch\/blog\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1924"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}